Federal Law Reference for Women's Rights
EDUCATION
Federal law prohibits discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. The Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is the primary enforcement agency.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.
Prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Covers admissions, athletics, academic programs, financial aid, and campus climate. Applies to K-12 schools, colleges, and universities. Sexual harassment and sexual violence are recognized as forms of sex discrimination under Title IX.
Title IX 2024 Final Rule
34 C.F.R. Part 106 (2024)
Updated regulations clarifying Title IX's application to sexual harassment, sex stereotyping, and sex characteristics. Schools must have a trained Title IX Coordinator, publish a non-discrimination notice, and maintain a grievance procedure for sex discrimination complaints.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Education)
42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq.
Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance, including schools and universities. Enforced by the Department of Education OCR.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.
Ensures that children with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education (FAPE) tailored to their individual needs. Requires schools to develop an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each eligible student. Disproportionately affects girls with disabilities, who are underidentified relative to boys.
Retaliation Protections
20 U.S.C. § 1682; 34 C.F.R. § 106.71
Title IX and related statutes prohibit retaliation against individuals who file complaints, participate in proceedings, or oppose discriminatory practices in educational settings. Retaliation complaints may be filed with the Department of Education OCR.